機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯--切削加工新概念

1、<p><b>　　英文部分</b></p><p>　　The new concept of cutting processing</p><p>　　The nowadays cutting tool company cannot only be again the manufacture and the sales cutting tool, in o

2、rder to succeed, they must be consistent with the globalization manufacture tendency maintenance, through enhances the efficiency, cooperates with the customer reduces the cost. Approaches the instantaneous global compet

3、ition after this after NAFTA, the WTO time, the world company is making quickly to the same feeling, is lighter, a cheaper response. In other words, they make the product and th</p><p>　　For example, takes t

4、he modular cast iron to say that, it has become the engine part and other automobiles, the agriculture the material which see day by day with the equipment and in the machine tool industry components. This kind of alloy

5、provides the low production cost and the good machine capability combination. They are cheaper than the steel products, but has a higher intensity and toughness compared to the cast iron. But at the same time the modular

6、 cast iron is extremely wear-resisting, </p><p>　　May estimate that, the high degree of hardness and the high wear-resisting cutting material quality must consider the modular cast iron the high resistance t

7、o wear. And the material quality contains extremely hard TiC in fact (carbonized titanium) or TiCN (carbon titanium nitrides) thick coating when cutting speed each minute 300 meters processes the modular cast iron to pro

8、ve usually is effective. But along with cutting speed increase, scrap/The cutting tool junction plane temperature also is i</p><p>　　The chemical stability becomes an important performance performance dividi

9、ng line compared to the resistance to wear the factor, the speed and the temperature is decided in is processed the modular cast iron the crystal grain structure and the performance. But usually thick coating of TiCN and

10、 TiC or only ductile iron oxides in the soil coating is applied to, because the today majority of this kinds are processed the material the cutting speed in each minute 150 to 335 meters between. Is higher </p>&l

11、t;p>　　In order to cause this scope performance to be most superior, the mountain high researched and developed and has promoted in view of modular cast iron processing material quality TX150. This kind of material qu

12、ality has hard also the anti- distortion substrate, is very ideal regarding the processing modular cast iron. Its coating the oxide compound coating which hollowly wears by thick very wear-resisting carbon titanium nitri

13、des and a thin anti- crescent moon, the top is thin layer TiN. This k</p><p>　　The coating ceramics also display can effectively process the modular cast iron. In the past, the aluminum oxide ceramics applic

14、ation which not the coating tough good such as nitriding silicon and the silicon carbide textile fiber strengthened the work piece material chemistry paralysis limit. Today but could resist the scrap distortion process t

15、hrough the use to have the high thermal coating cutting tool life already remarkably to increase. But certain early this domains work piece processing u</p><p>　　When machining, the work piece has processed

16、the surface is depends upon the cutting tool and the work piece makes the relative motion to obtain.According to the surface method of formation, the machining may divide into the knife point path law, the formed cutting

17、 tool law, the generating process three kinds.</p><p>　　The knife point path law is depends upon the knife point to be opposite in the work piece surface path, obtains the superficial geometry shape which th

18、e work piece requests, like the turning outer annulus, the shaping plane, the grinding outer annulus, with the profile turning forming surface and so on, the knife point path are decided the cutting tool and the work pie

19、ce relative motion which provides in the engine bed; </p><p>　　The formed cutting tool law abbreviation forming, is with the formed cutting tool which matches with the work piece final superficial outline, o

20、r the formed grinding wheel and so on processes the formed surface, like formed turning, formed milling and form grinding and so on, because forms the cutting tool the manufacture quite to be difficult, therefore only us

21、es in processing the short formed surface generally; </p><p>　　The generating process name rolls cuts method, is when the processing the cutting tool and the work piece do unfold the movement relatively, the

22、 cutting tool and the work piece centrode make the pure trundle mutually, between both maintains the definite transmission ratio relations, obtains the processing surface is the knife edge in this kind of movement envelo

23、pe, in the gear processing rolls the tooth, the gear shaping, the shaving, the top horizontal jade piece tooth and rubs the tooth and so</p><p>　　The machining quality mainly is refers to the work piece the

24、processing precision and the surface quality (including surface roughness, residual stress and superficial hardening).Along with the technical progress, the machining quality enhances unceasingly.The 18th century later p

25、eriods, the machining precision counts by the millimeter; At the beginning of 20th century, machining precision Gao Yida 0.01 millimeter; To the 50's, the machining precision has reached a micron level; The 70's,

26、 the ma</p><p>　　The influence machining quality primary factor has aspects and so on engine bed, cutting tool, jig, work piece semifinished materials, technique and processing environment.Must improve the m

27、achining quality, must take the suitable measure to the above various aspects, like reduces the engine bed work error, selects the cutting tool correctly, improves the semifinished materials quality, the reasonable arran

28、gement craft, the improvement environmental condition and so on. </p><p>　　Enhances the cutting specifications to enhance the material excision rate, is enhances the machining efficiency the essential way.Th

29、e commonly used highly effective machining method has the high-speed cutting, the force cutting, the plasma arc heating cuts and vibrates the cutting and so on. </p><p>　　The grinding speed is called the hig

30、h-speed grinding in 45 meters/second above cuttings.Uses the high-speed cutting (or grinding) both may enhance the efficiency, and may reduce the surface roughness.The high-speed cutting (or grinding) requests the engine

31、 bed to have the high speed, the high rigidity, the high efficiency and the vibration-proof good craft system; Requests the cutting tool to have the reasonable geometry parameter and the convenience tight way, but also m

32、ust consider the safe re</p><p>　　The force cutting refers to the roughing feed or cuts the deep machining greatly, uses in the turning and the grinding generally.The force turning main characteristic is the

33、 lathe tool besides the main cutting edge, but also some is parallel in the work piece has processed superficial the vice-cutting edge simultaneously to participate in the cutting, therefore may enhance to feed quantity

34、compared to the general turning several times of even several times.Compares with the high-speed cutting, t</p><p>　　The vibration cutting is along the cutting tool direction of feed, the attachment low freq

35、uency or the high frequency vibration machining, may enhance the cutting efficiency.The low frequency vibration cutting has the very good chip breaking effect, but does not use the chip breaking equipment, makes the knif

36、e edge intensity to increase, time the cutting total power dissipation compared to has the chip breaking installment ordinary cutting to reduce about 40%.The high frequency vibration cutting</p><p>　　To lumb

37、er, plastic, rubber, glass, marble, granite and so on nonmetallic material machining, although is similar with the metal material cutting, but uses the cutting tool, the equipment and the cutting specifications and so on

38、 has the characteristic respectively. </p><p>　　The lumber product machining mainly carries in each kind of joiner's bench, its method mainly has: The saw cuts, digs cuts, the turning, the milling, dril

39、ls truncates with the polishing and so on. </p><p>　　The plastic rigidity is worse than the metal, the easy bending strain, the thermoplastic thermal conductivity to be in particular bad, easy to elevate tem

40、perature the conditioning.When cutting plastic, suitably with the high-speed steel or the hard alloy tools, selects the small to feed quantity and the high cutting speed, and uses compressed air cooling.If the cutting to

41、ol is sharp, the angle is appropriate, may produce the belt-shaped scrap, easy to carry off the quantity of heat. </p><p>　　Glass (including semiconducting material and so on germanium, silicon) but degree o

42、f hardness high brittleness is big.To methods and so on glass machining commonly used cutting, drill hole, attrition and polishing.To thickness in three millimeters following glass plates, the simple cutting method is wi

43、th the diamond or other hard materials, in glass surface manual scoring, the use scratch place stress concentration, then uses the hand to break off.</p><p>　　To the marble, the granite and the concrete and

44、so on the hard material processing, mainly uses methods and so on cutting, turning, drill hole, shaping, attrition and polishing.When cutting the available circular saw blade adds the grinding compound and the water; The

45、 outer annulus and the end surface may use the negative rake the hard alloy lathe tool, by 10~30 meter/minute cutting speed turning; Drills a hole the available hard alloy drill bit; The big stone material plane availabl

46、e hard alloy</p><p>　　Cutting tool in hot strong alloy application</p><p>　　The aviation processing also changes rapidly. For example, nickel base heat-resisting alloy like several years ago the

47、 most people had not heard Rene88 now occupies to the aircraft engine manufacture uses the total metal quantity 10~25%. Has very good showing and the commercial reason regarding this. For example, these heat strong alloy

48、 will be able to increase the engine endurance moreover to permit the small engine work on the big airplane, that will enhance the combustion efficiency and reduc</p><p>　　As a result of changes in these con

49、ditions, can be very pleased to have processed many titanium alloys and nickel-based alloy materials C-2 hard metal alloys, in the application to today's cutting edge of blade to the crushing and cutting depth of the

50、 trench lines badly worn. But using the latest high-temperature processing of small particles hard metal alloys to be effective, cutlery life improved, but more importantly to enhance the reliability of applications in h

51、igh-temperature alloys. Small</p><p>　　PVD (physical gas phase deposition) coating also by certificate effective processing heat-resisting alloy. TiN (titanium nitrides) the PVD coating was uses and still wa

52、s most early most receives welcome. Recently, TiAlN (nitrogen calorization titanium) and TiCN (carbon titanium nitrides) the coating also could very good use. In the past the TiAlN coating application scope and TiN compa

53、red the limit to be more. But after the cutting speed enhances them is a very good choice, enhances the producti</p><p>　　Recently, used in the heat-resisting alloy application material quality already devel

54、oping, these coating but became by several combinations. The massive laboratories and the scene test has already proven this kind of combination and other any kind of sole coating compares in time the very wide scope app

55、lication is very effective. Therefore aims at the heat-resisting alloy application the PVD compound coating possibly to become the focal point which the hard alloy new material quality research a</p><p>　　Dr

56、y processing</p><p>　　Including the refrigerant question is technical and the commercial expansion industrial production tendency another domain which the cutting tool makes. North America and the European s

57、trict refrigerant management request and the biggest three automobile manufacturer forces them the core supplier to obtain the ISO14000 authentication (the ISO9000 environment management edition), this causes the refrige

58、rant processing cost rise. To the car company and their core supplier said obviously one of res</p><p>　　Recently, already appeared some to concern this topic to promulgate the speed, to enter for, the coati

59、ng chemical composition and other parameters very substantial comprehensive nature very strong useful technical papers. Wants to concentrate the elaboration in here me "does the processing viewpoint" in the ope

60、ration and commercial meaning automobile manufacturer new.</p><p>　　The metal working jobholders can the very good understanding related refrigerant use question, but majority cannot understand concerns exce

61、pt the technical challenge (for example row of filings) beside does the processing question in the cutting tool - work piece contact face between. Usually may observe to the refrigerant disperser scrap which flows out, b

62、ut the pressure surpasses 3,000 pounds/An inch 2 high speed refrigerant also can help to break the filings, specially soft also the continual</p><p>　　Uses does the cutting craft the components result is the

63、 engine bed uses the wet type processing components to be hotter than. Whether before you do allow them to survey in the open-air natural cooling? If processes newly the hot components put frequently to the turnover box

64、, elevates the environment temperature, whether components full cooling and just right enough permission precision examination? Also has the handling side several dozens on hundred components to be able to operate the wo

65、rker</p><p>　　With many cutting tools/The work piece technical question same place, these latent questions need to state whether dryly adds the ability line. Luckily, has very many ways to elaborate these qu

66、estions. For example, the compressed air was proven row of filings becomes the question in very many applications the situation to have the successful echo.</p><p>　　Another plan is called MQL (minimum lubri

67、cation) a technology, it replaces the traditional refrigerant by the application the quite few oil mists constitution. This is a recognition compromise plan, this kind of minimum technology can large scale reduce the ref

68、rigerant the headache matter, moreover the smooth finish which processes in many applications very is also good. This domain still had very many research to do, moreover the cutting tool company positively participated i

69、n such research was</p><p>　　In the factory the special details design other perhaps better plan according to the world in. The manufacturing industry jobholders possibly still could ask why they do have to

70、use recent development the technology to replace the refrigerant method diligently which the tradition already an experience number generation of person improved enhances, because implemented especially does the experime

71、nt and the defeat which the processing or the subarid processing produced possibly causes the higher s</p><p>　　Perhaps does the dry processing is not all suits to each application, but above discusses likel

72、y other processing questions are same, needs from a wider operation, the environment and the commercial angle appraises. Will be able to help the cutting tool company which the customer will do this to have the competiti

73、ve advantage, but these will not be able to provide unceasingly is in the passive position.</p><p>　　Cutting tool and nanotechnology</p><p>　　Can fiercely change the cutting tool industry the en

74、chanting new domain is the miniature manufacture, or the processing small granule forms the product which needs. Must refer to is its here does not have about the cutting tool miniature manufacture first matter; Second m

75、ust say the matter is it is not remote. </p><p>　　Why the miniature manufacture and are the cutting tool related. Because most main is the particle size smaller, the hard alloy toughness of material better a

76、lso is more wear-resisting. (Some experts define with the nanometer level pellet for are smaller than 0.2 mu m, but other people persisted a nanometer pellet had to be smaller than the hard alloy tools prototype which 0.

77、1 mu m) made already to complete and the test,It is said that wear resistant theatrically increase. The question is the nan</p><p><b>　　中文部分</b></p><p><b>　　切削加工新概念</b>&l

78、t;/p><p>　　現今的刀具公司再也不能只是制造和銷售刀具，為了成功，他們必須與全球化制造趨勢保持一致，通過提高效率、同客戶合作來降低成本。在這個近乎瞬間的全球競爭的后NAFTA、后WTO時代，全世界的公司正對相同感覺作出更快、更輕、更便宜的反應。換句話說，他們制造的產品和零件包含能在高速下運轉，由于成本的壓力，最好、更輕而且要制造更便宜。取得這些目標的一個最佳途徑是通過發(fā)展和應用新材料，但這些新的和改進的材料通

79、常都難以加工。這種商業(yè)上的動力和技術上的困難的組合在汽車和航空工業(yè)尤其突出，并已成為有見識的刀具公司研發(fā)部門的首要驅動力。 </p><p>　　例如，拿球墨鑄鐵來說，它已成為發(fā)動機零件和其它汽車、農用設備和機床工業(yè)上的零件的日益見的材料。這種合金提供較低的生產成本和良好的機械性能的組合。他們比鋼材便宜，而比鑄鐵有更高的強度和韌性。但同時球墨鑄鐵非常耐磨，有快速磨壞刀具材料的傾向。這種耐磨性很大程度上受珠光體含量

80、影響。某一已知球墨鑄鐵的珠光體含量越高，它的耐磨性越好，而且它的可加工性越差。另外，球墨鑄鐵的多孔性導致斷續(xù)切削，這更加降低壽命。 </p><p>　　可以預計，高硬度和高耐磨的切削材質需考慮球墨鑄鐵的高耐磨性。并且事實上材質包含極硬的TiC（碳化鈦）或TiCN（碳氮化鈦）的厚涂層在切削速度每分鐘300米時加工球墨鑄鐵被證明通常是有效的。但是隨著切削速度的增加，切屑/刀具結合面的溫度也在增加。當發(fā)生這樣的情況，

81、TiC涂層傾向于和鐵發(fā)生化學反應并軟化，更多的壓力作用在抗月牙洼磨損的涂層上。在這些條件下，希望有一種化學穩(wěn)定性更好的涂層，如Al2O3（雖然在較低的速度下不如TiC硬或耐磨）。 化學穩(wěn)定性比耐磨性更成為一個重要的表現性能分界的因素，速度和溫度取決于被加工球墨鑄鐵的晶粒結構和性能。但是通常厚涂層的TiC或TiCN和僅有氧化物的較薄涂層是針對球墨鑄鐵應用的，因為今天大部分這類被加工材料的切削速度在每分鐘150到335米之間。對于速

82、度高于每分鐘300米的應用，人們對這種材料是滿意的。 為了使這個范圍性能最優(yōu)，山高研發(fā)和推出了針對球墨鑄鐵加工的材質TX150。這種材質有一個硬且抗變形的基體，對于加工球墨鑄鐵很理想。它的涂層由一層較厚的很耐磨的碳氮化鈦和一層較薄的抗月牙洼磨損的氧化物涂層，頂面是一薄層TiN。這種涂層運用</p><p>　　切削加工時，工件的已加工表面是依靠切削工具和工件作相對運動來獲得的。按表面形成方法，切削加工可分

83、為刀尖軌跡法、成形刀具法、展成法三類。</p><p>　　刀尖軌跡法是依靠刀尖相對于工件表面的運動軌跡，來獲得工件所要求的表面幾何形狀，如車削外圓、刨削平面、磨削外圓、用靠模車削成形面等，刀尖的運動軌跡取決于機床所提供的切削工具與工件的相對運動；</p><p>　　成形刀具法簡稱成形法，是用與工件的最終表面輪廓相匹配的成形刀具，或成形砂輪等加工出成形面，如成形車削、成形銑削和成形磨削等

84、，由于成形刀具的制造比較困難，因此一般只用于加工短的成形面；</p><p>　　展成法又稱滾切法，是加工時切削工具與工件作相對展成運動，刀具和工件的瞬心線相互作純滾動，兩者之間保持確定的速比關系，所獲得加工表面就是刀刃在這種運動中的包絡面，齒輪加工中的滾齒、插齒、剃齒、珩齒和磨齒等均屬展成法加工。有些切削加工兼有刀尖軌跡法和成形刀具法的特點，如螺紋車削。</p><p>　　切削加工質量

85、主要是指工件的加工精度和表面質量(包括表面粗糙度、殘余應力和表面硬化)。隨著技術的進步，切削加工的質量不斷提高。18世紀后期，切削加工精度以毫米計；20世紀初，切削加工的精度最高已達0.01毫米；至50年代，切削加工精度已達微米級；70年代，切削加工精度又提高到0.1微米。</p><p>　　影響切削加工質量的主要因素有機床、刀具、夾具、工件毛坯、工藝方法和加工環(huán)境等方面。要提高切削加工質量，必須對上述各方面采

86、取適當措施，如減小機床工作誤差、正確選用切削工具、提高毛坯質量、合理安排工藝、改善環(huán)境條件等。</p><p>　　提高切削用量以提高材料切除率，是提高切削加工效率的基本途徑。常用的高效切削加工方法有高速切削、強力切削、等離子弧加熱切削和振動切削等。</p><p>　　磨削速度在45米／秒以上的切削稱為高速磨削。采用高速切削(或磨削)既可提高效率，又可減小表面粗糙度。高速切削(或磨削)要

87、求機床具有高轉速、高剛度、大功率和抗振性好的工藝系統(tǒng)；要求刀具有合理的幾何參數和方便的緊固方式，還需考慮安全可靠的斷屑方法。</p><p>　　強力切削指大進給或大切深的切削加工，一般用于車削和磨削。強力車削的主要特點是車刀除主切削刃外，還有一個平行于工件已加工表面的副切削刃同時參與切削，故可把進給量比一般車削提高幾倍甚至十幾倍。與高速切削比較，強力切削的切削溫度較低，刀具壽命較長，切削效率較高；缺點是加工表面

88、較粗糙。強力切削時，徑向切削力很大故不適于加工細長工件。</p><p>　　振動切削是沿刀具進給方向，附加低頻或高頻振動的切削加工，可以提高切削效率。低頻振動切削具有很好的斷屑效果，可不用斷屑裝置，使刀刃強度增加，切削時的總功率消耗比帶有斷屑裝置的普通切削降低40％左右。高頻振動切削也稱超聲波振動切削，有助于減小刀具與工件之間的摩擦，降低切削溫度，減小刀具的粘著磨損，從而提高切削效率和加工表面質量，刀具壽命約可

89、提高40％。</p><p>　　對木材、塑料、橡膠、玻璃、大理石、花崗石等非金屬材料的切削加工，雖與金屬材料的切削類似，但所用刀具、設備和切削用量等各有特點。</p><p>　　木材制品的切削加工主要在各種木工機床上進行，其方法主要有：鋸切、刨切、車削、銑削、鉆削和砂光等。</p><p>　　塑料的剛度比金屬差，易彎曲變形，尤其是熱塑性塑料導熱性差，易升溫軟化

90、。故切削塑料時，宜用高速鋼或硬質合金刀具，選用小的進給量和高的切削速度，并用壓縮空氣冷卻。若刀具鋒利，角度合適，可產生帶狀切屑，易于帶走熱量。</p><p>　　玻璃(包括鍺、硅等半導體材料)的硬度高而脆性大。對玻璃的切削加工常用切割、鉆孔、研磨和拋光等方法。對厚度在三毫米以下的玻璃板，最簡單的切割方法是用金剛石或其他堅硬物質，在玻璃表面手工刻劃，利用刻痕處的應力集中，即可用手折斷。</p>&l

91、t;p>　　對大理石、花崗石和混凝土等堅硬材料的加工，主要用切割、車削、鉆孔、刨削、研磨和拋光等方法。切割時可用圓鋸片加磨料和水；外圓和端面可采用負前角的硬質合金車刀，以10～30米／分的切削速度車削；鉆孔可用硬質合金鉆頭；大的石料平面可用硬質合金刨刀或滾切刨刀刨削；精密平滑的表面，可用三塊互為基準對研的方法，或磨削和拋光的方法獲得。</p><p>　　刀具在熱強合金中的應用 </p>&l

92、t;p>　　航空加工也變化迅速。例如，鎳基高溫合金如幾年前多數人未聽說過的Rene88現在占到航空發(fā)動機制造使用總金屬量的10~25%。對于這個有很好的表現和商業(yè)理由。例如，這些熱強合金能增加發(fā)動機壽命而且允許較小的發(fā)動機工作在大飛機上，那將提高燃燒效率并降低運營成本。這些韌性好的材料也把費用呈現在刀具上。它們的耐熱性導致刀尖上的溫度更高，從而降低了刀具壽命。相似地，這些合金里的碳化物顆粒顯著增加了摩擦，從而縮短刀具壽命。

93、 作為這些條件改變的結果，曾經能很滿意地加工很多鈦合金和鎳基合金的硬質合金材質C-2在應用到當今的合金時遭受切削刃的壓碎和切削深度線處嚴重的溝槽磨損。但是用最新的細顆粒硬質合金能有效加工高溫合金，刀具壽命得到提高，更重要的是提高在高溫合金應用時的可靠性。細顆粒硬質合金有比傳統(tǒng)硬質合金材質更高的壓縮強度和硬度，只是在韌性方面增加少量的成本。而結果是在高溫合金加工上比傳統(tǒng)硬質合金抵抗常見失效模式更有效。 PVD（物理氣相沉積）

94、涂層也被證明有效加工高溫合金。TiN（氮化鈦）PVD涂層是最早使用的并仍然是最受歡迎的。最近，TiAlN（氮鋁化鈦）和TiCN（碳氮化鈦）</p><p>　　干切削，包括冷卻液在內的問題是刀具制造的科技和商業(yè)擴大產業(yè)化趨勢的另一個領域。北美和歐洲嚴格冷卻液管理的要求和最大的三家汽車制造商強制它們的核心供應商取得ISO14000認證（ISO9000的環(huán)境管理版本），這使得冷卻液處理成本上升。對汽車公司和他們核心供

95、應商來說明顯受歡迎的反應之一是在特定的加工應用里完全免除冷卻液的使用。這種干加工的新世界給刀具供應商提出了一系列挑戰(zhàn)。 </p><p>　　最近，已經出現了一些有關這個專題揭示速度、進給、涂層化學成分和其它參數的很充實的綜合性很強的有用的技術文章。在這里我想集中論述在操作和商業(yè)含義上的汽車制造商的新“干加工觀點”。 </p><p>　　金屬加工從業(yè)人員能很好理解有關冷卻液使用的問題，但

96、大多數不能理解有關除在刀具-工件接觸面間技術挑戰(zhàn)（例如排屑）之外的干加工問題。通?？梢杂^察到流出的冷卻液分散切屑，但壓力超過3000磅/英寸2的高速冷卻液也能幫助斷屑，特別是軟且連續(xù)的切屑會引起刀具-工件接觸面上的麻煩。 采用干切削工藝的零件的結果是機床比采用濕式加工零件的更熱。你是否允許它們測量前在露天自然冷卻？如果新加工的熱零件經常放到周轉箱，升高周圍環(huán)境溫度，是否零件充分冷卻并正好足夠允許精度檢測？還有處置身邊幾十上百的

97、零件會對操作工人增加額外負擔。 同許多刀具/工件的技術問題一起，這些潛在的問題需要陳述是否干加工能行。幸運地，有很多途徑闡述這些問題。例如，壓縮空氣被證明在很多應用里排屑成為問題的場合有成功的反響。 另一個方案是叫做MQL（最小量潤滑）的技術，它由應用代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)冷卻液的相當少量油霧構成。這是一個公認的折中方案，這種最小量技術會大幅度減少冷卻液的頭疼事，而且在許多應用里加工出的光潔度也很好。這個領域仍然有很多研究在做，而且