[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]碼頭設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--可持續(xù)集裝箱碼頭--一種設(shè)計(jì)方法

1、6100 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.5 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 1.1 萬(wàn)字 萬(wàn)字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Rijsenbrij J C, Wieschemann A. Sustainable container terminals: a design approach[M]//Handbook of terminal planning. Springer, New York, NY, 2011: 61-82.Sustainab

2、le Container Terminals: A Design ApproachJoan C. Rijsenbrij and Armin WieschemannAbstractThe future will bring increasing demands from society for a better quality of life and for more sustainable designs also in port ha

3、ndling facilities. Moreover, scarcity of land forces port authorities to realize higher area utilizations. Terminal operators have equal objectives, but on top of that they are looking for cost reductions through decreas

4、ed life cycle cost (energy consumption, maintenance, life-time, etc.). Many of these topics have their impact on the design of terminal (stack) handling systems and for that reason both the terminal operators (in their s

5、ystems specs and equipment specs) and the system (equipment) suppliers are in the process of installing more sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective handling systems. In this chapter the authors present

6、a design approach and directives to be applied for stacking systems and connected transportation systems in container terminals. Covered topics are: performance issues stack configurations, strategies to realize more sus

7、tainable designs and measures to increase cost-efficiency and to reduce energy use and eco-impact. The chapter shows the challenge how to balance service requirements, costs and demands for sustainability.1. Introduction

8、During the last decades the world showed a growing awareness of the limited re-sources on earth and an increasing concern about our environment and ecology. This is reflected in rising demands from the society for a bett

9、er quality of life, preservation of nature and more sustainable designs for products as well as facilities and services. Fortunately the younger people support the aggravating directives for a more sustainable world and

10、also the industry has accepted these trends and has embraced the challenges to develop sustainable designs for products, facilities and services.Impressive results are already shown in the automotive industry: electrical

11、ly driven vehicles will enter the world in the next decade on a much larger scale. Especially for drives, electric energy can be applied in a sustainable way as electric energy is not dependent on one resource type (e.g.

12、 crude oil), and will be available for thousands of years. The dominant use of fossil fuels for energy-generating will gradually be replaced by renewable energy sources like wind energy, hydro power, solar energy etc. (o

13、bviously in the course of many decades). In addition, nuclear energy can be used, which is sustainable in terms of air pollution and climate change although the nuclear waste storage asks much more attention.In an approa

14、ch for sustainable designs in container terminal operation it is necessary to take some future trends into account, being:? a probable further growth in yearly port handling volumes resulting in capacity demands and incr

15、eased environmental impact.? increased port handling performance as shipping lines and inland transportation companies require predictable, limited turnaround times even for their large 10,000 – 15,000 TEU container vess

16、els and simultaneously during landside rush hours. This may cause increased peak demands and logistic complexity.Based on the above the European Environmental Agency came with the following definition: Eco-efficiency is

17、“the amount of environment used per unit of economic activity”. Manufacturers like Nokia have translated this broad definition into design directives e.g.: minimized use of energy, material, toxic dispersion, extended du

18、rability (lifetime), maximized use of renewable resources and increased recycling. More recent, Braungart et al (2007) and McDonough and Braungart (2002) presented their Cradle-to-Cradle design approach to be considered

19、as eco-effectiveness. In that design approach the material intensity per service unit is irrelevant as long as the output can serve as productive resources (input) for natural systems (Mc-Donough and Braungart (2002); Br

20、aungart et al (2007)).In general, the above definitions and approaches may be applicable for many products; however, do they fit for the multidisciplinary terminal design and operation? When focussing on container termin

21、als the following consideration can be made: The primary product of a container terminal is the service to the connecting modes of transport (deep-sea, feeders, rail, road, and barges), basically minimizing waiting times

22、 for the intermodal activities (the swap from mode to mode).The present understanding of sustainable terminal design is mainly directed towards eco-efficient equipment, facility designs and operation (generally known as:

23、 “to get more from less”). In the view of the three Ps (People, Planet, Profit) and eco-efficiency, the following areas for sustainability in container terminals can be pointed out:1. Reduction of energy use? electrical

24、controls of equipment drives and energy supply systems? more efficient drive-lines? avoidance of diesel-driven equipment? critical approach of lighting levels and the application of energy-efficient armatures/lighting sy

25、stems? covered areas for reefer-containers (to avoid sun-radiation)? application of renewable energy sources (e.g. for heating/air-con, mobile equipment)2. Eco-efficient operation/design? application of eco-friendly equi

26、pment (reduced sound emissions, reduced toxicity, cold-ironing for vessels, etc.)? best practices for area utilization, especially in the areas for transportation and stacking? socio-technical approaches in participative

27、 management and operational control methods3. Durable facilities and handling systems? terminal facilities with a long lifetime and low maintenance demand designed with renewable/reusable materials, e.g. high quality con

28、crete, wooden structures, glass panels (see Giessen (2002))? handling equipment designed for 20–30 years operational life? modular designed components allowing for a future expansion without major modificationsWhen it co

29、mes to a “Cradle-to-Cradle” approach, this is rather complicated for a terminal. There is a limited amount of output (waste) during operation that could be reused. The major output may arise in the demolition stage of a