[雙語翻譯]轉基因食品外文翻譯--消費者對轉基因食品和標簽政策的知識和態(tài)度（英文）

1、http://informahealthcare.com/ijf ISSN: 0963-7486 (print), 1465-3478 (electronic)Int J Food Sci Nutr, Early Online: 1–7 ! 2014 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.986072RESEARCH ARTICLEConsumer knowledge and attitu

2、des about genetically modified food products and labelling policyMelissa Vecchione, Charles Feldman, and Shahla WunderlichDepartment of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USAAbstrac

3、tThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between consumer knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the prevalence of GMO labelling in northe

4、rn New Jersey supermarkets. This cross-sectional study surveyed 331 adults, New Jersey supermarket customers (mean age 26 years old, 79.8% women). The results show a strong, positive correlation between consumer attitude

5、s towards foods not containing GMOs and purchasing behaviour (Pearson’s r ¼ 0.701, p50.001) with lesser correlations between knowledge and behaviour (Pearson’s r ¼ 0.593, p50.001) and knowledge and attitudes (P

6、earson’s r ¼ 0.413, p50.001). GMO labelling would assist consumers in making informed purchase decisions.KeywordsConsumer behaviour, GM food, GMO, supermarketsHistoryReceived 24 June 2014 Revised 26 September 2014 A

7、ccepted 6 November 2014 Published online 16 December 2014IntroductionThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2001) defines the term genetically modified organisms (aka GM or GMOs) as ‘‘origin- ally used by the molecular b

8、iology scientific community to denote a living organism that had been genetically modified by inserting a gene from an unrelated species’’. Since genes from unrelated organisms are not naturally transferred, technology i

9、s needed to carry out this task. These new species of plants are referred to as ‘‘transgenics’’ (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2001). Organisations studying the presence of GMOs in America estimate that 75–80% of pa

10、ckaged or processed food items on supermarket shelves nationwide contain GMOs (Center for Food Safety: About GE Foods, 2014; Martin, 2013; Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, 2005). One of the main reasons for the

11、predominance of GM food products in the US marketplace is that the US cultivates the largest amount of GM crops in the world (GM crops: A story in numbers, 2013). In the US, a large number of processed foods accessible t

12、o consumers contain GMOs, ostensibly attributed to the higher level of national agricultural cultivation of GM commodities (GM crops: A story in numbers, 2013; Martin, 2013). Although the FDA states that it supports manu

13、facturers who choose to include truthful information on their labels regarding whether food products were created using genetic engineering, labelling remains voluntary in the US (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2013)

14、. Currently, the only organisation offering verified GM testing in North America is the Non-GMO Project, which places its ‘‘Non-GMO Project VERIFIED’’ seal onproducts that undergo voluntary testing and contain not more t

15、han 0.9% GM ingredients, which is the current threshold required within the European Union (EU) for GMO labelling (The Non- GMO Project, 2014). However, due to limited testing capabilities and the high likelihood of cont

16、amination, no products are scientifically guaranteed to be ‘‘GMO-free’’ (The Non-GMO Project, 2014; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2001). In addition to the specific labelling done by the Non-GMO Project, foods that

17、are labelled as ‘‘Organic’’ by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) do not contain any ingredi- ents produced by biotechnology, although the ‘‘Organic’’ label itself does not mention the absence of GM ingre

18、dients (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2001). The literature has shown that consumers have both positive and negative perceptions of GM products that are offset by personal values and ethics. It has been argued that

19、the acceptance of GM technology is greatly influenced by the values held by members of a particular society, including overall concerns about global food and food security, climate change and ethical beliefs. These value

20、s are affected by increasing environmental regulation and consumer engagement that in parallel increases risk and benefit associations of GM products (Frewer et al., 2013). Pre-dispositioned attitudes have been found to

21、be the predictors of behavioural intention to purchase GM food products (Prati et al., 2012), while confound- ing findings for knowledge and attitudes have been reported for potential consumers (Huffman et al., 2007; Koi

22、visto Hursti Martin, 2013; Rollin et al., 2011). European distaste for GM products may also be an extension of their preference for small companies, rather than the massive international operations that typically produc

23、e GMs (Martin, 2013). Similar to consumers who wish to avoid GMs in the US, a higher willingness to pay for non-GM products is a luxury afforded by the relatively stable economic state of Western Europe, which allows con

24、sumers to pay slightly more to avoid GM-foods (Martin, 2013). Although studies show that GMs are coming to the forefront of American consumers’ minds, few studies explore the relationship between consumer knowledge, atti

25、tudes and behaviours towards GM food consumption and labelling of these food items on supermarket shelves. Because of this gap in the literature, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: (a) What is the

26、 relationship between consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours toward GM food? and (b) What is the consumer attitude toward GM labelling in supermarkets?MethodsA cross-sectional study design employing purposive samp

27、ling was used to conduct the research. Supermarket consumers were recruited via a personal online request. A total of 331 supermarket consumers consisting of Montclair State University, NJ, students, faculty and staff co

28、mpleted an online quantitative 25-question survey. The inclusion criteria for the consumer survey participants were as follows: participants had to be at least 18 years or older, live in New Jersey, and purchase food fro

29、m New Jersey supermarkets. All participants had the opportunity to enter their e-mail address for a drawing to win a $25 Visa gift card. The survey contained 25 questions: 7 targeted demographics, 4 assessed knowledge of

30、 GM food products, 6 assessed attitudes towards GMs, and 8 assessed purchasing behaviour. Demographic questions included age, gender, residence, ethnicity, income, education and most frequented supermarket. Examples of k

31、now- ledge questions included, ‘‘I have heard of the term ‘Genetically Modified Food’ ’’, as well as a follow-up question asking for a definition of this term to assess comprehension. Other questions addressed awareness

32、of GM foods in supermarkets and non-GM labelling on some products. Examples of attitude questions included, ‘‘Price is more important than the presence of a non- GM food label when I make food purchasing decisions’’, and

33、 ‘‘I would prefer if food items in New Jersey supermarkets were labelled to distinguish between GM and non-GM products’’. Other attitude questions addressed opinions about how labelling would impact food purchasing decis

34、ions and the effect of GM foods on health and the environment. Examples of behaviour questions included, ‘‘I look for a non-GM label on foods that I purchase in New Jersey supermarkets’’, and ‘‘My belief abouthow eating

35、GM foods impacts my health influences my food purchasing decisions’’. Follow-up behaviour questions addressed frequency of purchasing foods with a non-GM label versus unlabelled foods. The majority of the responses were

36、based on a 5-point Likert scale including options, such as ‘‘All of the time’’, ‘‘most of the time’’, ‘‘some of the time’’, ‘‘rarely’’ and ‘‘never’’. Consumers were also asked to name the supermarket where they most freq

37、uently shop, and the supermarkets were broken into level 1, level 2 and level 3 representing low-, moderate- and high- priced, respectively. The categorisation of these levels was determined from the average prices of go

38、ods as per prior research studies (Aggarwal et al., 2011; Drewnowski et al., 2012; Moudon et al., 2011). The data from the surveys was uploaded into IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2011;

39、 IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Demographic data were analysed for frequency and percentages of each category through the generation of tables and graphs. Age was regrouped into ra

40、nges, and responses for supermarkets most frequented were reclassified as level 1, level 2 or level 3 supermarkets to improve analysis. The responses to the remaining questions were coded with a number indicating a respo

41、nse, most frequently from 1 to 5 since the majority of the questions were based on the 5-point Likert scale. For example,Table 1. Consumer demographic data.Total participants, n ¼ 331 Frequency Percentage (%)Age ran

42、ge (n ¼ 321, Mean age ¼ 26 ± 9.043) 18–22 160 49.1 23–29 98 30.1 30–39 35 10.7 40–49 19 5.8 50–59 12 3.7 60–69 2 0.6 Gender (n ¼ 326) Male 66 20.2 Female 260 79.8 Ethnicity (n ¼ 322) Black or Afr

43、ican-American, non-Hispanic 18 5.6 Hispanic or Latino 41 12.7 White, non-Hispanic 226 70.2 Asian 22 6.8 Other 15 4.7 Income (n ¼ 327) $0–$25 000 84 25.7 $25 001–$50 000 54 16.5 $50 001–$75 000 67 20.5 $75 001–$100 0

44、00 62 19.0 $100 001 60 18.3 Education (n ¼ 329) High School Diploma 124 37.7 Associate’s Degree 50 15.2 Bachelor’s Degree 107 32.5 Master’s Degree 41 12.5 Doctoral Degree 7 2.1 Supermarket most frequented by classif

45、ication* (n ¼ 325) Level 1 35 10.8 Level 2 79 24.3 Level 3 187 57.5 Other 24 7.4*Supermarkets were categorised as level 1, 2 or 3 based on price. Level 1 supermarkets are high-priced, level 2 supermarkets are modera

46、tely- priced, and level 3 supermarkets are low-priced. Pricing strata were determined by current supermarket prices. Consumers in the ‘‘other’’ category shop primarily at locations that could not be categorised, such as

47、farmer’s markets or small local food stores.DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.986072 Consumer knowledge and attitudes about GMO labelling 3Int J Food Sci Nutr Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by McMaster University on 12/2