20世紀(jì)90年代以來印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2557字</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Indian Tea Industry Since 1990's</p><p>　　Material So

2、urce: Social Science Research Network</p><p>　　Author: Subhajit Subhajit Sr</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　Tea is made from the young leaves and leaf buds of the tea bush Camellia

3、sinensis. Ancient Chinese and Japanese legends refer to a beverage made from an infusion of dried tea leaves. In 1833, the East India Company, after losing its legal monopoly of the tea trade between China and Britain, b

4、egan to look for other sources of supply. As a result, the cultivation of tea in India began in 1834, with the planting of wild tea found growing in Assam in 1823. </p><p>　　The tea industry has an important

5、 and special place in the Indian economy. Tea is the country's primary beverage, with almost 85% of total households in the country consuming tea. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of tea, with I

6、ndia accounting for 27% of the world tea production. India's expenditure on beverages and processed foods accounts for 8% of food expenditure in rural areas, and 15% in urban areas. India is also an important tea exp

7、orter, accounting for around 12-13% of </p><p>　　Tea plantations in India are mainly located in rural hills and backward areas of North-eastern and Southern States. Major tea growing areas of the country are

8、 concentrated in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The other areas where tea is grown to a small extent are Karnataka, Tripura Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghala

9、ya, Mizoram, Bihar and Orissa. Now if we boil down to the manufacturing counterpart of Indian tea industry then we will se</p><p>　　1．BASIC ISSUES IN TEA PRODUCTION </p><p>　　1） PRODUCTION </

10、p><p>　　Now when we say tea production we must be careful about manufactured tea and unmanufactured tea. Now when we speak of unmanufactured tea we are basically speaking about the tea that we get after ferment

11、ation of the tea leafs. In fact this tea is auctioned of and then it is blended so as to get the name manufactured tea. Now this manufactures tea is both packeted and sold as poly packs or other forms (tea bags, cartons,

12、 instant tea etc).But unfortunately if we compare the quantity of unmanufactur</p><p>　　The trend in its growth in production can be understood from the following diagram. </p><p>　　The major ob

13、servations are:</p><p>　　? Tea production increased 3.9% during CY2005, as compared with a growth of 1.7% during CY2004.</p><p>　　? The higher increase in tea production during CY2005 was main

14、ly because of significant increase in Assam's production, which offset production declines in TN. During 2004, while tea production had declined in Assam because of floods, tea production in TN was affected by drough

15、t conditions.</p><p>　　We must also make mention about the fact in terms of tea production North India is a leader. This is primarily due to the huge contribution made by Assam in terms of tea production. As

16、sam contributes about 53% of total tea produced in the country. Classification of tea production in terms of regions has been represented in the following graph. </p><p>　　2） EXPORT </p><p>　　In

17、dia's international competitiveness in tea exports has been on a decline. From being a pre-eminent supplier of the world's tea, India has lost ground in virtually every export market. In the early 1980s, Indian t

18、ea exports accounted for around 40% of the domestic production. By the end of 1980s, the share of the tea exports fell to 30%. The decline continued until 1994 when exports accounted for only 20% of the domestic producti

19、on of tea. Thereafter, the proportion of exports improved to aroun</p><p>　　Now one thing we will notice is that export has gone up till 1998 and but then subsequently has declined till 2003.Now there have b

20、een major setbacks in the tea industry during this time span. In fact when we study the market structure later we will see that the major market players have also not done too well during this time zone. Now there are ma

21、jor reasons why the tea sector did not did well during this time span. We can categorize them as follows. </p><p>　　? Stiff competition from other producing and exporting countries like Sri Lanka, China, In

22、donesia, Vietnam and Kenya. Very recently, Sri Lanka due to its cheap high quality tea has caused decline in the India share of tea export to the world. </p><p>　　? Anti export tariff and non-tariff measur

23、es imposed by some tea importing countries.</p><p>　　? Lower off take by Russia (one of the major tea importer due to change in consumer preferences, lower production of orthodox teas which have a larger de

24、mand worldwide.</p><p>　　? Quality problems and the higher cost of production and prices of Indian tea-this is primarily because most of the tea gardens in North Eastern India are closing down due to major

25、labor problems leading to supply of inferior quality of tea. This has led to dent in the goodwill that India has in case of tea export. </p><p>　　? Due to frictions between Iran and Iraq, there were major s

26、tructural changes in Iraq who was one of the prime importers of Indian tea. As a result Iraq started to bid very low for Indian tea in international auction. This caused the India tea market to loose Iraq as a prospectiv

27、e customer.</p><p>　　But as a counter reformation of this crisis period one of the major players in India tea market namely Tata Tea promoted the concept of polypacks which actually started doing very well i

28、n satisfying the domestic demand from 1998 onwards. In fact the export crisis in the late 1990’s actually allowed the polypacks to take over the domestic market. Now if we try to study the export pattern based on the cat

29、egory of tea then we see that although more amount of packet tea has been exported but if we c</p><p>　　Until 1998, export of packet tea grew at an average annual rate of 13% while compared to this tea bag a

30、nd instant tea grew by 31.8% and 18.5% respectively. This shows that with time people’s belief in manufactured tea has increased. This is primarily due to the successful branding of tea that was done by the major market

31、players. However，since 1998 export of all categories have gone down due to reasons, which we have already discussed. As of now Egypt is likely to become a major destination for</p><p><b>　　譯文</b>

32、;</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)90年代以來印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展</p><p>　　資料來源: Social Science Research Network </p><p>　　作者：Subhajit Subhajit Sr </p><p><b>　　簡介</b><

33、;/p><p>　　茶是由茶樹的嫩葉和葉芽制成。古代中國和日本所說的茶是指一種由干茶葉泡出的液體飲品。1833年，東印度公司在其失去了中國和英國茶葉貿(mào)易的壟斷地位以后，開始尋找其他供應(yīng)來源。因此，茶葉在1834年開始在印度種植，在1823年野生茶葉被發(fā)現(xiàn)在阿薩姆種植。</p><p>　　茶葉在印度經(jīng)濟(jì)中有著重要和特殊的地位。茶是這個(gè)國家最主要的飲料，國內(nèi)有將近85%的家庭消費(fèi)茶。印度作為世界

34、上最大的茶葉生產(chǎn)國和消費(fèi)國，生產(chǎn)了全世界27%的茶葉。印度的農(nóng)村地區(qū)在飲料和加工食品上的開支占食品支出的8%，而城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)達(dá)到了15%。印度也是一個(gè)重要的茶葉出口國。約占世界茶葉出口量的12%-13%。此外，一些品種的茶葉（例如大吉嶺）的種植僅在印度而且世界各地的需求量很大。大吉嶺茶所具有的風(fēng)味和色澤使它與其他品種茶葉區(qū)別開來。2006財(cái)政年度，印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口額估計(jì)在173.1億盧比，占印度總出口額的0.4%。以貨值計(jì)算，2004年的出

35、口額為410萬美元。在就業(yè)方面，茶行業(yè)在茶園直接雇傭了127萬勞動(dòng)力和間接雇傭了200萬勞動(dòng)力，這其中50%是婦女。最重要的是茶葉茶葉在很大程度上促使了茶園集中地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，例如阿薩姆。2005年，印度在茶、咖啡、可可等基礎(chǔ)飲料的個(gè)人最終消費(fèi)支出（PFCE）達(dá)到1349.6億盧比，占了食品PFEC的2%，占了印度PFCE的0.7%。最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示，印度茶葉消費(fèi)占興奮類飲料（茶、咖啡、可可豆）的90.6%，其次是咖啡（7.7%），可可豆（

36、1.7%）。</p><p>　　在印度茶葉種植園主要分布在東北部和南部各州的農(nóng)村山區(qū)和落后地區(qū)。茶葉的主要生長區(qū)也主要集中在阿薩姆邦，西孟加拉邦，泰米爾納德邦和喀拉拉邦等地區(qū)。其他小范圍內(nèi)種植茶葉的地區(qū)有卡納塔克邦，特里普拉邦 喜馬偕爾邦，北安查爾邦，阿魯納恰爾邦，曼尼普爾邦，錫金，那加蘭邦，梅加拉亞邦，米佐拉姆，比哈爾邦和奧里薩邦。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在，如果我們討論印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的制

37、造業(yè)方面會發(fā)現(xiàn)它其實(shí)是相當(dāng)小的一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門。事實(shí)上，茶葉作為農(nóng)業(yè)出口比其作為制造業(yè)出口所掙的外匯更多。但是這并不意味著茶葉制造產(chǎn)業(yè)在印度是一個(gè)新興概念。有目共睹世界上第一家發(fā)展品牌茶葉以專業(yè)包裝等形式的是塔塔茶葉。但是事實(shí)上其他大多數(shù)的生產(chǎn)作坊并沒有將自己發(fā)展成為大的茶葉生產(chǎn)商以提升產(chǎn)業(yè)地位。在這片文章中將對一些本質(zhì)問題進(jìn)行探討。</p><p><b>　　茶葉生產(chǎn)的基本問題</b><

38、;/p><p><b>　　生產(chǎn)</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)我們討論茶葉生產(chǎn)問題的時(shí)候必須注意制成茶和未加工茶的區(qū)別。當(dāng)我們說未經(jīng)加工茶的時(shí)候是指經(jīng)過發(fā)酵后的茶葉。事實(shí)上這種茶葉經(jīng)過競拍之后就吧被成為制成茶。現(xiàn)今的制成茶都以聚合包裝或者其他形式的的包裝（袋裝，盒裝，速溶茶包裝等）出售。但是不幸的是通過比較我們發(fā)現(xiàn)未包裝過的茶比制成茶的量大的多。事實(shí)上，茶葉生產(chǎn)部門對印

39、度制造部門的貢獻(xiàn)率很低。因此，僅對制成茶的分析數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)不適用的，而應(yīng)對未制成茶進(jìn)行研究，例如紅茶。我們可以用它來初步估計(jì)茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)如何運(yùn)作，因?yàn)樵谀撤N程度上制成茶的供應(yīng)取決于紅產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量。子1992年以來，未經(jīng)加工茶的年均增長速度保持在1.7%左右，可以根據(jù)以下圖表來理解其生產(chǎn)的增長趨勢。</p><p>　　與2004年度1.7%的增長率相比，2005年度的茶葉生產(chǎn)增長了3.9%。</p><p&

40、gt;　　2005年度茶葉的高增長率主要是因?yàn)樵诎⑺_姆的生產(chǎn)顯著增加，而抵消</p><p>　　了在TN的下降量。在2004年，在阿薩姆茶葉產(chǎn)量因?yàn)楹樗疄?zāi)害而有所下降，而在TN的茶葉生產(chǎn)因干旱而受影響。</p><p>　　我們還必須提及關(guān)于北印度在茶葉生產(chǎn)方面的領(lǐng)先地位。這主要是由于阿薩姆在茶葉生產(chǎn)所做的貢獻(xiàn)，僅阿薩姆一個(gè)地方就生產(chǎn)了全國53%的茶葉。下圖表列出了以地區(qū)劃分的茶葉生產(chǎn)狀

41、況。</p><p><b>　　2）出口</b></p><p>　　印度茶葉出口的國際競爭力已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)下降。印度作為一個(gè)世界范圍內(nèi)卓越的茶葉供應(yīng)商，正在漸漸失去其出口市場，在20世紀(jì)80年代初，印度茶葉出口占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的40%左右。到80年代末，茶葉出口份額下降到30%。這種下降趨勢一致持續(xù)到1994年，而茶葉出口份額只維持在國內(nèi)茶葉生產(chǎn)的20%。此后，在2003年，

42、這個(gè)比例逐漸提高到24%。</p><p>　　值得我們注意的是，出口在1998年之前一直有所增長，但隨后又一直下降，直到2003年這種下降趨勢才有所緩解。在這段期間在茶葉行業(yè)遇到一些大的阻礙。事實(shí)上從我們之后的研究可以知道一些該產(chǎn)業(yè)的主導(dǎo)者在這段時(shí)期的表象也差強(qiáng)人意。我們在以下圖表總結(jié)了導(dǎo)致這段時(shí)間茶葉茶葉低迷的主要原因。</p><p>　　來自斯里蘭卡、中國、印度尼西亞、越南和肯尼亞

43、等茶葉生產(chǎn)國和出口國的競爭很激烈。最近由于斯里蘭卡的高品質(zhì)茶葉的價(jià)格降低，使得印度出口國外的份額有所下降。</p><p>　　一些茶葉進(jìn)口國的反出口壁壘和非關(guān)稅措施的實(shí)施。</p><p>　　俄羅斯（主要茶葉進(jìn)口國之一）的消費(fèi)者偏好有所改變，原來在世界范圍這種傳統(tǒng)茶葉的需求量很大的。</p><p>　　導(dǎo)致質(zhì)量問題、生產(chǎn)成本過高及價(jià)格過高的主要原因?yàn)闁|北部大部

44、分茶園因勞動(dòng)力問題而倒閉導(dǎo)致的茶葉質(zhì)量低劣。</p><p>　　由于伊朗和伊拉克之間的摩擦使原本為印度茶葉主要進(jìn)口國的伊拉克進(jìn)口結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生重大改變。結(jié)果導(dǎo)致伊拉克在國際競拍中以非常低的價(jià)格競拍印度茶葉。這使得印度失去了伊拉克這樣一個(gè)非常有潛力的客戶。</p><p>　　在這個(gè)危機(jī)時(shí)期作為一個(gè)反對改革的印度茶市場競爭者之一塔塔茶葉提出了聚合包裝（一個(gè)大包裝內(nèi)裝你個(gè)小包裝）的概念，這在199

45、8年之前的國內(nèi)市場起到了很好的作用。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)90年代末發(fā)生的出口危機(jī)使得聚合包裝能夠占領(lǐng)國內(nèi)市場。如過我們根據(jù)茶葉種類研究出口格局，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管更多數(shù)量的小包裝茶被出口到國外市場，但是和其他三個(gè)類別的年增長率進(jìn)行比較，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，小包裝茶類是增長較慢的。</p><p>　　直到1998年，小包裝類茶葉年平均出口增長率為13％，而與此相比袋裝茶和速溶茶增長了31.8％和18.5％。這表明，隨著時(shí)間的推

46、移人們的觀念對加工類茶喜好度有所增加。這主要是由于市場主要競爭者成功的茶葉品牌推廣。然而，自1998年以后所有種類的茶葉出口都有所降低在前面已近提及。</p><p>　　截止目前為止，埃及很可能成為印度主要茶葉出口國之一。在2007年，埃及政府已指示一家國有機(jī)構(gòu)，納賽爾，進(jìn)口2400萬公斤印度茶葉。目前，埃及作為東南非共同市場（東部和南部非洲共同市場）成員之一從東南非共同市場另外兩個(gè)成員成員—烏干達(dá)和肯尼亞那進(jìn)