21世紀(jì)初中國教育發(fā)展趨勢和政策選擇

1、中國教育開放政策展望The Prospects on Opening Policies of China’s Education,張 力 Zhang Li中國國家教育發(fā)展研究中心主任 Director-general of National Center for Education Development Research (NCEDR), MOE, China,世界范圍全民教育（Education for All,

2、 EFA）兩大階段1990-2000年2001-2015年,UNESCO EFA Monitoring Report 全民教育監(jiān)測報告：中國處于前1/3位次，近年躋身全球義務(wù)教育免費(fèi)水平較高國家。UNDP HDI 人類發(fā)展指數(shù)測評：中國從20世紀(jì)80年代處于典型低收入國家行列，整體提高15%而步入中下收入國家行列。World Bank’s Evaluation評估十一五中期中國教育：政府的政治承諾和社會對于教育強(qiáng)有力支持推動了

3、教育的發(fā)展。公共教育的提供也變得更加公平。,后全民教育的政策趨勢Policy Orientations for Post Education for All 1.有質(zhì)量的全民教育（Quality Education for All），2003年90多國教育部長共識：關(guān)鍵是義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展。 2.保障全民的基本技能（Ensure Basic Skill for All），世界銀

4、行：適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整需要。 3.全民終身教育（Lifelong Education for All）”，OECD20世紀(jì)90年代以來政策分析報告：發(fā)達(dá)國家教育發(fā)展政策標(biāo)志，需要很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和完善的公共財(cái)政制度。 4.更強(qiáng)的全民教育（Strong Education for All），OECD2008年報告：強(qiáng)調(diào)搶占國際人才競爭先機(jī)和制高點(diǎn)。

5、 5.面向全民的全納教育（Inclusive Education for All）, UNESCO2008年世界教育大會：尊重學(xué)生和社區(qū)的需求、能力、特點(diǎn)、預(yù)期的多樣性，消除一切形式的歧視。,,,全球“馬拉松”？世界高等教育毛入學(xué)率變化Global Marathon: gross enrolment rate of tertiary education,國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010-2020年）中共中央、國

6、務(wù)院2010年7月發(fā)布China’s National Plan Outline for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development(2010-2020)Issued by The CPC Central Committee and The State Council of P. R. China  on July 2010第二章 戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略主題

7、 Chapter 2: Strategic Goals and Themes第十六章 擴(kuò)大教育開放 Chapter 16: Further Opening China’s Education,中國普及九年義務(wù)教育后的拐點(diǎn)Inflection Point of Post 9-year Compulsory Education——普及有質(zhì)量與均衡發(fā)展的九年義務(wù)教育——基本普及學(xué)前教育和高中階段教育——以就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向大力發(fā)展

8、職業(yè)教育——促進(jìn)高等教育內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展和體制創(chuàng)新——構(gòu)建全民學(xué)習(xí)、終身學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)習(xí)型社會,從“金字塔”到“梯形” From Pyramid to Trapezoid,,,,,,高等教育 H E,高中教育 S S E,初中教育 J S E,普通小學(xué) P E,2002,2007,,2020,在校生萬人Students in 10 thousand,,,2011年版國際教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類下的高等教育渠道ISCED-2011：Various c

9、hannels,6 學(xué)士或同等學(xué)歷教育Bachelor,5 短線高等教育Short-cycle,7 碩士或同等 Master,7 碩士或同等Master,8 博士或同等學(xué)歷教育 Doctor,,,,,,,,,3 高中階段教育 Upper Secondary,離開學(xué)校就業(yè)LM,8,2020年中國高等教育展望 Prospection of China’s Higher Education in 2020,(48)

10、加強(qiáng)國際交流與合作。Promoting international exchanges and cooperation.堅(jiān)持以開放促改革、促發(fā)展。開展多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的教育交流與合作，提高我國教育國際化水平。借鑒國際上先進(jìn)的教育理念和教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)，促進(jìn)我國教育改革發(fā)展，提升我國教育的國際地位、影響力和競爭力。適應(yīng)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會對外開放的要求，培養(yǎng)大批具有國際視野、通曉國際規(guī)則、能夠參與國際事務(wù)和國際競爭的國際化人才。It is essen

11、tial to reform and develop education by opening it to the outside world, carry out education exchanges and collaboration at multiple levels and in a broad scope, and raise education’s internationalization level. Advanced

12、 concepts and experience in education in the world shall be assimilated to boost education reform and development at home, and to enhance the nation’s global position, influence and competitiveness in the field of educat

13、ion. To meet the requirement of opening up the Chinese economy and society to the world, large numbers of talents shall be cultivated that are imbued with global vision, well-versed in international rules, and capable of

14、 participating in international affairs and competition.,中國簽定的WTO-GATS Schedule on Educarion 教育服務(wù)貿(mào)易減讓表服務(wù)提供方式：（1）跨境交付 （2）境外消費(fèi) （3）商業(yè)存在 （4）自然人流動,(49-1) 引進(jìn)優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。Outsourcing quality education resources abroad.吸引境外知名學(xué)校、教育和

15、科研機(jī)構(gòu)以及企業(yè)，合作設(shè)立教育教學(xué)、實(shí)訓(xùn)、研究機(jī)構(gòu)或項(xiàng)目。鼓勵各級各類學(xué)校開展多種形式的國際交流與合作，辦好若干所示范性中外合作學(xué)校和一批中外合作辦學(xué)項(xiàng)目。探索多種方式利用國外優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。It is necessary to seek the cooperation of renowned schools, education institutions, research institutes and companies outsi

16、de this nation to establish education, teaching, training and research organizations or undertake such projects. Schools at all levels and of all varieties should be encouraged to engage in diverse forms of international

17、 exchanges and cooperation, and a good job should be done in running demonstrative joint schools or joint projects in cooperation with foreign partners. Multiple approaches to utilizing quality education resources from a

18、broad shall be searched for.,(49-2) 引進(jìn)優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。Outsourcing quality education resources abroad.吸引更多世界一流的專家學(xué)者來華從事教學(xué)、科研和管理工作，有計(jì)劃地引進(jìn)海外高端人才和學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)。引進(jìn)境外優(yōu)秀教材，提高高等學(xué)校聘任外籍教師的比例。吸引海外優(yōu)秀留學(xué)人員回國服務(wù)。More world-class experts and scholars s

19、hall be attracted to teaching, research and managerial jobs in China, and high-level professionals and academic teams invited from overseas in a planned way. Quality textbooks shall be imported, and the percentage of for

20、eign teachers in college faculty increased. More outstanding Chinese students shall be attracted back to serve the nation after they have finished their studies in other countries and regions.,中外合作辦學(xué)、高教學(xué)歷互認(rèn)、孔子學(xué)院Joint Sc

21、hools, Higher Education Accreditation, Confucius Institutes 國務(wù)院2003年2月19日第68次常務(wù)會議通過《中華人民共和國中外合作辦學(xué)條例》，該條例自2003年9月1日起施行，目前依法獲得批準(zhǔn)的中外合作辦學(xué)項(xiàng)目達(dá)1100余個。中國將按照“加強(qiáng)規(guī)劃，分類指導(dǎo)，科學(xué)決策，強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督”的思路，加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，明確準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，優(yōu)化辦學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)，建立退出機(jī)制，促進(jìn)中外合作辦學(xué)事業(yè)提高質(zhì)量水平。

22、截至2010年12月30日，中國共與35個國家（地區(qū)）簽署了相互承認(rèn)高等教育學(xué)位、學(xué)歷和文憑的雙邊協(xié)議或備忘錄。據(jù)稱國外學(xué)習(xí)漢語者已達(dá)5000萬人。其中在中國漢辦支持下，2010年96個國家(地區(qū))建立322所孔子學(xué)院和369個孔子課堂（共691所），專兼職教師4109人，當(dāng)年注冊學(xué)員36萬人。,(50-1) 提高交流合作水平。Upgrading exchanges and cooperation.擴(kuò)大政府間學(xué)歷學(xué)位互認(rèn)。支持中

23、外大學(xué)間的教師互派、學(xué)生互換、學(xué)分互認(rèn)和學(xué)位互授聯(lián)授。加強(qiáng)與國外高水平大學(xué)合作，建立教學(xué)科研合作平臺，聯(lián)合推進(jìn)高水平基礎(chǔ)研究和高技術(shù)研究。加強(qiáng)中小學(xué)、職業(yè)學(xué)校對外交流與合作。加強(qiáng)國際理解教育，推動跨文化交流，增進(jìn)學(xué)生對不同國家、不同文化的認(rèn)識和理解。Agreements on mutual recognition of academic credentials and degrees between governments shall

24、 be concluded with more countries and regions. More support shall be given to exchanges of students and teachers, mutual recognition of academic credits, and mutual or joint conferment of academic degrees between Chinese

25、 and foreign colleges. Collaboration between Chinese colleges and their counterparts abroad shall be stepped up, platforms for collaborative teaching and research projects set, and collaborative high-level researches in

26、basic or high technology promoted. Exchanges and cooperation between Chinese and foreign primary and middle schools and vocational schools shall be boosted. Education to enhance international understanding shall be stepp

27、ed up to promote level of cross-cultural communication and to help students better understand different countries and cultures.,(50-2) 提高交流合作水平。Upgrading exchanges and cooperation.推動我國高水平教育機(jī)構(gòu)海外辦學(xué)，加強(qiáng)教育國際交流，廣泛開展國際合作和教育服務(wù)

28、。支持國際漢語教育。提高孔子學(xué)院辦學(xué)質(zhì)量和水平。加大教育國際援助力度，為發(fā)展中國家培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)專門人才。拓寬渠道和領(lǐng)域，建立高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)生海外志愿者服務(wù)機(jī)制。Education institutions with high quality shall be encouraged to run schools overseas, and international cooperation and service in education u

29、ndertaken extensively. The teaching of Chinese as a foreign language in other countries shall be supported, and the Confucius Institutes’ running quality and level shall be elevated. International aid to education shall

30、be boosted, so as to cultivate and train professionals for other developing countries. A framework shall be shaped to make Chinese college graduates’ overseas volunteer service available in more fields and through more a

31、venues.,Statistics on Entrants at ISCED 3, 5, 6, by 2011，China,ISCED 5 & 6,ISCED 3(vocational),ISCED 3(general),2011年度中國出國留學(xué)人員情況Statistics on Chinese students to study abroad總數(shù)為33.97萬人，比上年增長19.3%，其中：國家公派1.28萬人，單位

32、公派1.21萬人，自費(fèi)留學(xué)31.48萬人。2011年度各類留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)為18.62萬人，比上年增長38.1%，其中：國家公派0.93萬人，單位公派0.77萬人，自費(fèi)留學(xué)16.92萬人。從1978年到2011年底，各類出國留學(xué)人員總數(shù)達(dá)224.51萬人。截至2011年底，以留學(xué)身份出國，在外的留學(xué)人員有142.67萬人，其中110.88萬人正在國外進(jìn)行相關(guān)階段的學(xué)習(xí)和研究。改革開放以來，留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)達(dá)81.84萬人，有72.02

33、%的留學(xué)人員學(xué)成后選擇回國發(fā)展。,(50-3) 提高交流合作水平。Upgrading exchanges and cooperation.創(chuàng)新和完善公派出國留學(xué)機(jī)制，在全國公開選拔優(yōu)秀學(xué)生進(jìn)入國外高水平大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)。加強(qiáng)對自費(fèi)出國留學(xué)的政策引導(dǎo)，加大對優(yōu)秀自費(fèi)留學(xué)生資助和獎勵力度。堅(jiān)持“支持留學(xué)、鼓勵回國、來去自由”的方針，提高對留學(xué)人員的服務(wù)和管理水平。The mechanisms by which government-

34、funded students are sent to study abroad shall be renovated and put on a sound basis, and outstanding students shall be openly selected nationwide for studies in elite universities and research institutes overseas. Polic

35、y guidance shall be intensified for students studying abroad on their own expenses, while financial aid and rewards for those who excel shall be increased. The policy of “supporting students to study abroad, encouraging

36、them to return upon finishing their studies, and allowing them to come and go freely” shall be upheld, and the services catered to those studying abroad shall be improved.,2011年全國來華留學(xué)生數(shù)據(jù)Statistics on international stude

37、nts to China總數(shù)首次突破29萬人，同比增長10.38%。共有來自194個國家和地區(qū)，分布在660所高等院校、科研院所和其它教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)中學(xué)習(xí)。與2010年相比，2011年中國政府獎學(xué)金生增長14.73%；自費(fèi)生增長9.98%。來華留學(xué)生人數(shù)名列前10位的國家是韓、美、日、泰、越、俄、印尼、印度、巴基斯坦、哈薩克斯坦。中國爭取到2020年全國當(dāng)年外國留學(xué)人員數(shù)量達(dá)到50萬，成為亞洲最大的國際學(xué)生流動目的地國家。,(50-4) 提

38、高交流合作水平。Upgrading exchanges and cooperation.進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大外國留學(xué)生規(guī)模。增加中國政府獎學(xué)金數(shù)量，重點(diǎn)資助發(fā)展中國家學(xué)生，優(yōu)化來華留學(xué)人員結(jié)構(gòu)。實(shí)施來華留學(xué)預(yù)備教育，增加高等學(xué)校外語授課的學(xué)科專業(yè)，不斷提高來華留學(xué)教育質(zhì)量。More international students shall be admitted for studies in this country. Chinese go

39、vernment scholarships shall be increased, with financial assistance offered mainly to students from other developing countries, and the composition of students coming to this country for studies shall be optimized. Found

40、ation courses shall be given to international students before they start college in China; more disciplines shall be taught in foreign languages in Chinese colleges; and education quality for those studying in China shal

41、l be improved.,(50-5) 提高交流合作水平。Upgrading exchanges and cooperation.加強(qiáng)與聯(lián)合國教科文組織等國際組織的合作，積極參與雙邊、多邊和全球性、區(qū)域性教育合作。積極參與和推動國際組織教育政策、規(guī)則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究和制定。搭建高層次國際教育交流合作與政策對話平臺，加強(qiáng)教育研究領(lǐng)域和教育創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐活動的國際交流與合作。Cooperation with UNESCO and other

42、 international organizations shall be intensified. This nation will take a more active part in bilateral, multilateral, regional and global collaboration in education. China shall also actively participate and promote th

43、e study and formulation of education policies, rules, regulations and standards of international organizations. Platforms shall be established for high-echelon international exchanges, cooperation, and policy dialogs on

44、education; and global exchanges and cooperation shall be stepped up in education research and innovation.加強(qiáng)內(nèi)地與港澳臺地區(qū)的教育交流與合作。擴(kuò)展交流內(nèi)容，創(chuàng)新合作模式，促進(jìn)教育事業(yè)共同發(fā)展。Education exchanges and cooperation between the mainland and Hong Kon

45、g, Macao and Taiwan shall be stepped up. Extending exchange content and innovating modes of cooperation, the common educational development should be promoted.,胡錦濤主席（2010-07-13）： Remarks by President Hu Jin-tao： ——在

46、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深入發(fā)展、我國參與國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和競爭日益廣泛深入的新形勢下，我們必須加強(qiáng)教育國際交流合作，提高教育交流合作水平，充分利用國內(nèi)國際兩種教育資源。 ——要借鑒國外先進(jìn)教育理念和有益教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)，引進(jìn)優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源，提升我國教育的國際地位和影響力、競爭力。,胡錦濤主席（2010-07-13）：Remarks by President Hu Jin-tao： ——要積極吸引更多世界一流專家學(xué)者來華從事教學(xué)、科研、管